Research Paper on Barbering Essay Example

Research Paper on Barbering Essay Barbering (from French la barbe [ba?b] = beard) is a craft by barber. In the Middle Ages and the early modern period it was in the area of personal care, when healing people worked as barbers, servants and bathing and nursing personal. A barber used to barb mainly the hair of men. He was responsible also fot tooth extractions, blood-letting, and enemas. To prepare a research paper on barbering you must know that in some countries, barber shops are visible on the street under the barber signs with characteristics forms. The barber usually installs its customers on a barber chair. The barber does the shaving of men who do not have beards, but also the maintenance of the beard, the mustache or sideburns for those who wear them. He uses a razor (which may be mechanical, or, for the more recent periods, electric) and a lubricant, for example, shaving foam. In the XIXth century, either thumb or a spoon could be used to offer to the customer that was shaved: the last object inserted into the mouth of the customer allowed to inflate the cheek and thus facilitate shaving. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Barbering specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Barbering specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Barbering specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The barbers have presumably developed from the nurse servants. The first mention of the barbers was found in 1397 in an official letter in Cologne. Barber guilds are found in the Hanseatic cities from the second half of the 15th century: in 1457 in Gdansk, 1480 in Lubeck, 1486 in Hamburg. Barbers were also called dry clippers, since they offered different from the barbering, without warmbad. Since, in a hot bath male and female humans were completely without clothing, diseases could thus be transmitted very easily, which is why barbers not always liked the method. In addition to cutting and shaving hair they also treated wounds, broken bones, drew teeth, made bloodletting or rubbed in ointments. With the development and professionalization of doctors in the early 19th century, barbers sought to specialize further. With the invention of razorblades in the late 19th century, many men started to shave themselves at home, which has barbering service rather an exception. In the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period the profession of barber was considered a dishonorable and thus a dishonest profession. In the urban estates societies of the Middle Ages children from the Barber families were therefore mostly excluded from inclusion in other guilds. It was not until the mid-16th century they were given by imperial laws of 1548 and 1577, the opportunity to learn a different craft. Barbering may also be found in the French theater, a famous barber Figaro, created by Beaumarchais in The Barber of Seville in 1775 and incorporated in The Marriage of Figaro and The Mother guilty. These pieces have been adapted several operas, into films and TV movies. In England, the character of Sweeney Todd, criminal barber who slaughtered his victims, and it is not sure that it was based on a real criminal, appeared in the literature of the XIXth century and was a subject of many plays, musicals, movies, and television shows. At EssayLib.com writing service you can get a high-quality custom research paper on Barbering topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details: Enjoy professional research paper writing service!

Demographic Importance To Marketing Strategies

Introduction Kudler Fine Food intends to increase its customer base and is in the process of creating an Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) plan that will be used to ensure that the plans they will lay will be met. This will be achieved by following the laid out integrated marketing communications plan.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Demographic Importance To Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This document therefore assesses the importance of demographic and psychographic information in the development of marketing strategies. It also explains when to use this data in making marketing decisions. The importance of demographic and psychographic data is analyzed by this paper and its importance is also evaluated. These data is important to any organization and analysis of their importance needs to be done by any company that plans to increase its customer base. The paper also dea ls with the position strategies against competitors and when to apply segmentation when dealing with the market that Kudler Fine Foods Company deals with. The use of demographic, psychographic, geographic and behavioral segmentation in making marketing decisions Segmentation is one of the most important elements while marketing products. This is the division of the market according to certain criteria (McDonald Dunbar, 2004). The division of the market may be according to the geographical positions of the customers, their behavior in the market or depending on their demography. The application of any of the above segmentation is dependent on the nature of the market. Geographical segmentation may prove to be useful in a situation where the people living within a particular area demand a given product. This means that the customers will be divided into these regions depending on their needs. Efforts are made to ensure the specific needs of each area are taken care of. The market sho uld also be analyzed to check the behavior of the customers and how they consume the company’s products. The consumers may also be categorized as either heavy users of a particular product or light users. Some of them are loyal to a particular product. The analysis of this behavior pattern will be helpful for Kudler Fine Foods. It will enable the company establish how to divide the market in terms of the behavioral patterns. The psychographic segmentation follows the same conditions as the behavioral segmentation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demographic segmentation should also be considered. This plays an important role as it divides the market into different groups. This may be according to the age or even the living standards of the consumers. The company also needs to carry out an analysis to determine the consumption of its products following these l ines. This will ensure that all the categories of the consumers are well taken care of. Proper treatment of the current customers may trigger an increase in the customer base when the news about their treatment spreads to the other consumers. The use of segmentation is also important. In marketing strategies, this ensures that all the different types of the customer’s needs are met. The customers are also divided according to their needs and the products that they consume. This makes it easy to manage the marketing strategies to use for a particular group of customers. The use of segmentation also makes marketing effective as the different groups of the customers are treated according to their situations. For example an advertisement that is meant for the young people cannot be used for the old group. This makes marketing effective and efficient. Therefore segmentation as a whole ensures that the market is well taken care of individually for the segments and also collectively as a whole and all the customers are reached. Importance of demographic and psychographic data in marketing decisions for Kudler Fine Foods The demographic data as well as the psychographic data that is obtained by Kudler Fine Foods during its research is of great importance. The availability of both psychographic and demographic data will help Kudler Fine Foods to be able to countercheck the current strategies it is employing and improve them depending on the needs of its consumers. The data also enables the company to come up with decisions that are based on tangible research. Availability of the data ensures that accurate forecasts for the company are carried out. The findings of these forecasts can therefore be trusted since they are conducted after research has been carried out.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Demographic Importance To Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also provides the company with information about its consumers and this will help to identify the areas to focus on more in terms of its marketing strategies. It also helps the company to identify what strategies to employ depending on the nature of the market (Hutt Speh, 2002). Positioning strategies The first positioning strategy that the company may employ is the pricing strategy. Since the company intends to improve the efficiency of its operations, the price of producing or importing its products will gradually reduce. This can be used to the advantage of the company by ensuring that the prices of its commodities are also reduced. The use of this strategy may also help the company in dealing with its competitors. The reduction of the price will ensure that the company gets more customers as the prices of their products are less compared to those of their competitors. Another positioning strategy that may be employed is the positioning based on the use of the products they produce. Proper analysis should be carried out to ensure that the demand for the various products that the company offers at different periods is established. This is important since it will enable the company to establish the products that have a higher demand at a given time. This ensures that the consumers are always satisfied. The other positioning strategy that can be implemented is based on consumer benefits. This may be implemented in the form of a loyalty program. The consistent consumers of a product in this case are rewarded as a result of consuming the product. This will serve to mainly attract the younger generation who are more attracted by the incentives. The new customers will therefore increase the consumer base of the company and therefore its profitability. The company should also promote itself by enlightening the consumers about their imported products. This may sound more appealing to some of the consumers who have the belief that imported products are better than the lo cally manufactured products.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The demographic and psychographic data is important while developing the marketing strategy for any company. This is because it provides the company with the actual details on how the market is. The positioning strategies are also important and mainly because they give the company an upper hand against the other competitors. As it has been explained, strategies such as the provision of benefits to the customers acts to assist in ensuring that the competitors are taken care of since the customers become loyal to the company and its products. Proper analysis of demographic and psychographic data should be conducted before making important business marketing decisions since the result of the analysis of this data will provide a good base for the company’s decision making. The position strategies that are developed by the company should also be based on information that is obtained after analysis of this data. References Hutt, M. D., Speh, T. W. (2002). Business Marke ting Management. Ohio: South Western. McDonald, M., Dunbar, I. (2004). Market Segmentation. London: MacMillian. This research paper on Demographic Importance To Marketing Strategies was written and submitted by user Lillianna Suarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Weighty Relationship Between Ponder and Pound

The Weighty Relationship Between Ponder and Pound The Weighty Relationship Between Ponder and Pound The Weighty Relationship Between Ponder and Pound By Mark Nichol Ponder and pound respectively pertain figuratively and literally to weighing things, and this commonality isn’t a coincidence: The Latin word pondus, meaning â€Å"weight,† is the source of both words. Ponder, meaning â€Å"consider† or â€Å"reflect† (though the original senses were â€Å"appraise† and â€Å"estimate†), stems from the Latin term ponderare (with the same meaning), the verb form of pondus. The noun form ponderance, meaning â€Å"importance† or weight,† is rare- much less common than preponderance, which refers to a superiority or majority of amount or number. The adjective imponderable, originally with the sense of â€Å"weightless,† later came to mean â€Å"unthinkable,† in the sense of something that one cannot manage to comprehend. Meanwhile, ponderous, which first meant â€Å"thick† but later came to pertain to heaviness or clumsiness, comes from the Latin term ponderosus, meaning â€Å"of great weight† or â€Å"heavy with meaning.† Pinus ponderosa (â€Å"heavy pine†), the Latin scientific name of a type of pine tree found in the western United States, is the source of that conifer’s common name, ponderosa. The Latin word pondus was borrowed into various Germanic languages early on; in Old English, as pund, it came to refer to a measure of weight equivalent first to twelve ounces and later to sixteen ounces. The use of the term pound for a unit of currency came about from reference to the value of a pound of silver. The other two senses of pound are unrelated to this meaning (and to each other). Pound in reference to a place of confinement or a supply center (now most commonly pertaining to an enclosure for animals) is related to pond; both stem from an Old English verb, pyndan, which means â€Å"dam† or â€Å"enclose.† Meanwhile, the verb pound, which refers to repeated blows, is from another Old English word, punian, meaning â€Å"beat† or â€Å"crush.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeAt Your DisposalAdvance vs. Advanced

Digital Crime Scenario

Digital Crime Scenario Introduction According to the intelligence service, online fraud has been the most commonly used type of digital crime. In addition to that, they have released a report that says that one out of every ten users of the internet has at one time or the other been a victim of the online fraudsters who pose as clients or sellers or merchandise (Harkins, 2011). This prompted the government to create a website where one can be able to report any incidences of online fraud.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Digital Crime Scenario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thesis Statement With reference to the given question, this paper will a scenario that details of a digital online fraud and will also give the specific detail of the fraud. Scenario of an online fraud A very good example of an online fraud is where internet users fall victim to the rogue security software that is found over the internet. This type of software is use d to trick the internet user into buying and installing a fake antivirus which in term takes over the operations of the computer (Harkins, 2011). This rogue security software can appear on a website in the form of an advertisement which in most of the time informs that internet user of their win for being a visitor to the website and once it has been clicked it automatically installs itself into the operating system of the computer (Bird, 2011). The website will then display a warning of a virus in the computer operating system and will then encourage the internet user to buy and install an antivirus that they have. The internet user will go ahead and buy the antivirus without realising that it is not a genuine antivirus. The antivirus then installs its components into the computer which may appear in many forms. Once the components have been installed, the website will continue to alert the internet user of more malicious components and will lure the internet user into paying for m ore services. The components will then disable some of the parts that are involved in the uninstalling of the malware so as to stop the user from being able to uninstall the components that are in the operating system (Bryant, 2008). The developers of this rogue security software will play with the internet user’s mind to be able to make him / her pay for services using his / her credit cards yet nothing is being done to fix the situation. This kind of fraud account for 50% of the internet advertisement that are seen on a daily basis and this gives a more likely chance for internet users to be able to fall into the traps of the internet fraudsters.Advertising Looking for report on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These developers create a problem for the internet user who clicks on the fake advertisements that are displayed on websites and thereafter charge him / her lots of money so as to abl e to fix the problem which is not what they will do. They instead continue creating more problems for the internet user and continue luring him / her into paying for the services of trying to remove the malware that has been installed into the operating system of the computer (Thorsteinson, 2009). Conclusion In conclusion, for the developers of the rogue security software to be able to lure the internet users into their traps, they are creating an advertisement that informs that internet user of a win from visiting the website and after he /she has click of the win, malware is automatically installed into his / her computer thereby giving the chance to the developer to charge the internet user for the services of removing the malware. References Bird, R. (2011). CyberLaw: Text and Cases, Oklahoma, OK: Cengage Learning. Bryant, R. (2008). Investigating Digital Crime, London, UK: Oxford University Press. Harkins, B. (2011). Rogue Software. London, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Thorsteinson , P. (2009). Net Security and Cryptography, New York, NY: Sage.

South Asia in mass media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

South Asia in mass media - Essay Example The product takes pride of its reputation as one of the leading brands due to its capability of removing tough stains. With this, Tide is a premium product taking care of the cleanliness and purity of clothes. Looking at the current state of India, the advertisement of tide capturing the sunset view of Ganges River and Taj Mahal seem inappropriate. For one, India is now highly regarded because of its technological and economic momentum. Thus, an ad showing new infrastructure, new roads, or technology associated products would seem suitable. However, as this new identity spurred by recent progress is not yet instilled in the mind of consumers. Thus, advertisers chose to utilize the image of the traditional India and its connection with the laundry detergent. The Ganges River and the Taj Mahal are two important places in the Indian culture. It should also be noted these significant places became major attractions to tourists worldwide. Looking closer, the Ganges River and Taj Mahal is directly associated with purity to Indians according to their religious beliefs. In Hinduism, purity is considered imperative is a fundamental component of the Hindi culture. Though physical purity is emphasized, the real essence of purity extends to social, ceremonial, emotional, psychic and spiritual cleanliness. Adherents of Hinduism are required to be spotless, blameless, and free from any contamination.

Critically Assess The Difficulties Of Implementing Motivation Theories Essay

Critically Assess The Difficulties Of Implementing Motivation Theories In The Modern Workplace - Essay Example A consideration and approval of this is a precondition to effectual employee motivation in the workplace and consequently efficient leadership and management. My piece of writing on motivation theory and practice focus on different theories concerning human nature in common and motivation in particular. Fairly distant from the advantage and ethical worth of a selfless approach to treating colleagues as human beings and valuing human self-respect in all its types, study and observation prove that well motivated workers are more creative and prolific. A lot of psychologists over the years have made efforts to describe and categorise what motivates people. This became chiefly significant after the Second World War as the Western nations attempted to reconstruct their shattered industrial economies, and all through the '50s and '60s much was investigated and written regarding Human Relations. It was recognised that people who labored in organizations were more than just numbers and, if correctly handled, might not merely generate more, but also add extra. Frederick Herzberg searched and practiced clinical psychology in Pittsburgh, where he researched the work-related motivations of thousands of workers.He determined that there were two types of motivation: Hygiene Factors: that can de-motivate if they are not present - such as supervision, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, and salary. Hygiene Factors influence the level of dissatisfaction, but are seldom referred as originators of job satisfaction (Herzberg, 2003, Pg 87-88). Motivation Factors: that will motivate if they are present - such as achievement, advancement, recognition and responsibility. Dissatisfaction isn't usually responsible on Motivation Factors, but they are quoted as the basis of job satisfaction. (Motivation Theories, Online, PG 1) Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs Abraham Maslow was an American behavioural psychologist who worked both in academia and industry. He issued a number of Human Relations books until the early '70's, but it was his first book, "Motivation and Personality", published in 1943, that put out his thought of the hierarchy of human wants. The Hierarchy Of Needs Maslow disagreed that the factors that compel or motivate people to perform lie on an ascending scale. Once a group or order of needs is satisfied, the individual will not be motivated by more of the same, but will search to satisfy top order needs. What's more, a higher order need will not be a motivator if lower order needs stay unmet (Pintrich & Schunk, 2001, Pg 24-25). Maslow classified five orders of needs, listed in ascending significance: Physiological According to this order of need, the fundamental endurance necessities of affection, protection and food Security should be motivated. These comprise the requirements we have for oxygen, water, protein, salt, carbohydrates, calcium, and additional minerals and vitamins. They in additionally comprise the need to uphold a pH

Prediction paper number 2 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prediction number 2 - Research Paper Example 113). She believed that this hostility has an evolutionary basis, wherein women attack one another due to competition over males and their resources and the need to promote themselves to ensure their reproduction (Campbell, 1995, p. 115). It will be interesting to know if physical attractiveness that can be measured through facial symmetry is correlated with indirect aggression. It is possible that attractive women may practice more indirect aggression than less attractive ones because of the evolutionary need to promote their reputation to men and to deny competitors of access to men and other social resources. It is assumed that physically attractive women are more indirectly aggressive than less attractive ones because of their dominance over other women, since, evolutionary theory suggests that males choose their female partners through their sexual attractiveness, which makes attractive women as the dominant women in their gender group (Campbell, 1995, p. 115).McAndrew (2014) added that gossip may be a strategy for reputation management that suggests the evolutionary basis of intrasexual competition through excluding competitors and taking away potential sources of social support. Muà ±oz-Reyes et al. (2012) noted from their study that fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of physical traits is a measure of developmental instability and health and that FA is neg atively correlated to hostility for older adolescent women and to the physical attractiveness of women. It is hypothesized that attractive women with low FA practice indirect aggression more than less attractive women, and that those who are in a relationship and attractive are more aggressive than other attractive and less attractive women who are not in a relationship because of the need to protect their access to their male partners. The independent variables are FA and the relationship status of the participants, while the

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Research Paper Example These technological advancements led to the introduction of the internet, which most sectors have been put in use in their operations. The essay that follows is a research on the potential of the internet for building and establishing communities with reference to specific online groups. The internet is a communication medium that people use in their daily life activities due to its viability. The idea of its use has a long history line where people in the past years used to communicate to others, but discoveries and advancements in communication technology by visionary people brought changes in its current usage in the present society. These discoveries aimed at creating a new communication where people would effectively communicate with others, putting in mind how proper use of the internet can impact the community (Riel, 2013). Most of online programs rely on the internet for their operation, a quality which has made its use rampant in the various activities. The internet and Soci al Networks The internet contributes in a large percentage the way social media operate, since operation of online groups like blogs, online chats, YouTube, multiplayer online games, Facebook, twitter, video conferencing, among others relies on the internet (Bertho, Crawford & Fogarty, 2008). The high rate of globalization in the world is as a result of the rise of internet usage. This is because the internet breaks the limit made on human interactions since there are no political borders among the users. There are a number of websites that people different countries use to enhance communication among their citizens. For example, an individual with Chinese origin or descent can visit China.com and communicate with other citizens who share the same characteristics (Bertho, Crawford & Fogarty, 2008). Citizens from Filipino can communicate with other Filipino citizens across the world by visiting Tinig.com and share issues concerning their country. Tsinoy.com connects Filipinos who hav e a Chinese accent, while Scottish accent people meet at ElectricScotland.com. These among other sites make people share various issues affecting their communities as they contribute to their development. Yahoo has a large number of sites that bring together different cultures. Participants in these sites engage in chats with each other, which provide a medium for discussions and organization of events geared towards community development (Bertho, Crawford & Fogarty, 2008). Through these sites people too can access newspapers and also listen to their local radio stations daily, and this maintains ties between people in the diaspora with their families and homeland. However, the ability of the internet to impact on people depends on the ‘end-to-end design (Bertho, Crawford & Fogarty, 2008). It is designed in a way that its impact relies on the end users. The web effectively utilizes this design in that every user participates in providing the content of the web even with little knowledge or capital equipment (Bertho, Crawford & Fogarty, 2008). This enables the users not only to use a website, but also have the ability to create it, giving it a democratic feature. The internet creates a wide accessibility of information on a website as opposed to a newspaper or magazine, and this gives those who lack enough access on resources to communicate with other people in a different community. Through the potential the

The future of privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The future of privacy - Essay Example Privacy is a fundamental right, and everyone is entitled to it. Understanding that technology will keep developing will help find better ways that will curb the violation of privacy. It is not possible to know the kind of technology that will be there in years to come, and that is why we need to be prepared for anything. Passwords will no longer be safe to be used for privacy measures, and this will call for new methods to be used to guarantee the users security. Many and more people are now conversant with computer networks, and it is now easy to hack into someone’s account, and gain access to their private information. There have been cases where Twitter and Facebook accounts of individuals have been hacked. The hacker controls what is posted and shared on the account. With future privacy laws, the social sites have to find better ways to avert this problem. Without this, few people will continue using the sites considering that their privacy is not guaranteed. With all the new methods of communication, everyone wants to share information with their friends and even strangers. This can be done through social sites which include, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or any other sites that may come up in the future. To control the privacy of what is shared, an individual should ensure that he or she safeguards his privacy. This means that he or she has to have a limit of what he wants to share with people on these social sites. â€Å"This state of affairs means that unless individuals can protect their own privacy they lose power† (Lanier 66). Surveillance is used by employers to ensure that there is a smooth flow in business operations. It is, however, debatable about the extent that the surveillance cameras should be placed. Cameras in a washroom, for instance, are considered as a serious violation of human rights. Surveillance footages capture employee’s moments that are otherwise considered private, and boundaries should be set

Sociolinguistic analysis of language and culture Assignment

Sociolinguistic analysis of language and culture - Assignment Example On social status, S1, S2, and S3 most probably belong to the typical middle class --- taking hourly jobs to earn extra cash, etc. They also worry about taxes and prices of sandwiches, etc. On race/ethnicity, S1, S2, and S3 obviously are not native English speakers. S3 could be Chinese, because she mentioned at some point that â€Å"im supposed to be able to speak Chinese.† S1s ethnicity is still vague, but for sure she is not a native speaker because she uses the word â€Å"bathroom† when referring to the toilet. S2 could be more fluent compared to S1 and S3, but still a non-native English speaker because she uses phrases such as â€Å"its coming out of the same pot,† which is easy to understand but not a common idiomatic expression in English. S4s ethnicity is somewhat hard to determine because of the limited interaction of the other speakers with him. His gender is obviously male, because he was called by his name (Jeremy) the moment he arrived. S1 displays instrumental, regulatory, and personal (Bonvillain, 2008, p.182) communicative styles. Instrumental because she is sees to not have qualms in satisfying needs: â€Å"you guys i_ i have to go_ i have to go leave. i have to go to the bathroom.† Regulatory because she is assertive in speaking what she thinks she wants done: â€Å"yo- you wanna put our forms all together, (in this)† and â€Å"w- should we go up and like testing testing .† Personal because all throughout the interaction, she expresses her thoughts without hesitation, sometimes even to the point of interrupting the current speaker. S2 displays interactional and heuristic (Bonvillain, 2008, p.182) communicative styles. Interactional because she tries to maintain the balance in the interaction by allowing each speaker to say their thoughts without interruption for the most part. Her usual verbal nods are â€Å"uhuh† and â€Å"mhm.† This shows that even if she does not ask a

Management Information System At Starbucks Management Essay

Management Information System At Starbucks Management Essay This is the age of information where every day brings countless new innovations and changes. Daily lots of new data comes to managers, which needs to be converted into meaningful information in order to derive conclusions to support effective decision making to accomplish organizational objectives. Today due to its increasing importance information is considered as business asset as significant as human resource or machinery. It has become life blood for modern organizations. Before the development of computer systems it was very difficult for the organizations to collect, conserve, organize and disseminate the large amount of important information and data. Todays managers are in better position to acquire needed information at right time due to the developments and widespread of computer technologies. Due to rapid changes in surroundings the information needed for the business should be current and available to the right persons at right times. So the information provided to decision makers must be correct, on time, comprehensive, storable and in well presented in order to get optimum results from it. Thats why the dependence of organizations on information technologies is increasing day by day but information technologies cannot produce results itself it needs to be efficiently and effectively used to derive optimum results. So the mechanism used to ensure the availability of needed information to managers in right time and right form is called informa tion system. It helps the decision making process by providing relevant information (Stephen B. Harsh, 2005). Purpose of the Study: This paper examines the application of integrated management information system and benefits derived by Starbucks on Bank Street near Jubilee Palace in London, UK. Particular objectives of this paper are to: Document the information system used in Starbucks, Jubilee Palace. Identify the uses of information system at all managerial levels of organization. Identify the role of information system in providing the required information. Identify the uses of information system as an effective tool to implement management policies efficiently. Identify the benefits derived by the organization by effectively using information systems. Understand the issues regarding the implementation of the information system. Recommend what is needed to increase the efficiency of the system. MIS and its Functions with critical evaluation of Starbucks, Jubilee Palace: Before discussing the functions of management information system in Starbucks, Jubilee Palace, the understanding of management information system and its related concepts are significant to provide strong base for the study. Technology: The term technology is used to refer the modern machines and tools developed by human beings to support their processes and increase their understanding and control of material environment. Its literal meaning is study of crafting. Information Technology: The tools used to enhance the capabilities of human to collect, organize, preserve and disseminate the valuable information is called information technology. Information technology helps managers to effectively perform their managerial functions to control, administrate and to make effective decisions to achieve organizational objectives. Information technology is not a narrow term it covers all software and hardware used by organizations to collect, organize, preserve and disseminate the required information to needed persons. The information technologies available at Starbucks, Jubilee Palace to support its smooth flow of information are; high speed internet facilities, the network connection of each store on main server located in company head office in United States, Network tools, hardware for storage of data and they have also developed multi-storage system to conserve their useful data. Data Vs Information: Most of the time information and data are considered same things, two words for same meaning, but in fact they are two different terms for two different things. Data are unanalyzed, raw facts and numbers regarding some event but in contrast information is obtained by analyzing and organizing the data in meaningful form. The types of data available at Starbucks, Jubilee Palace, are customer responses, employees information, product information regarding its sales and development, accounting data and data related to operational matters of business. Information strategy: Information strategy or information technology strategy of the organization determines its requirements for variety of information system applications and development of overall systems of organization. Information technology strategy ensures the fulfillment of organizational requirement for information systems (Barnatt, 1994). The information strategy of Starbucks is linked with the overall organizational strategy for success. Starbucks recognizes the significance of information in modern era for the survival of organization so it has developed a strong information system to ensure its competitiveness in the rapidly changing and diverse era. Management Information system: First of all the concept of management information system was used by the U.S. Navy in their report to use computers to manage their resources. After that many researchers defined it according to its scope. Bee and Bee, 1999 defines it as system used to collet the data from external and internal sources and transforms it in to meaningful information and disseminates that in right form to managers working at all three levels of the organization to support the decision making process for better administration and control (Effy Oz, 2008). Functions of management information system with critical evaluation of Starbucks, Jubilee Palace: The goal of any well integrated management information system is to produce optimum results from information gathered by performing following basic functions in an organization: Provide Information in various departments: Management information system is a mechanism used to transform the data into meaningful information and make it available to all concerned people working in any department or at any level of the organization (Lucey, 1997). At Starbucks different types of information are needed for different departments to take effective decisions for organizational success. To make the information available to any department or any level Starbucks has developed a corporate web portal. It is divided into two ways of access. One is Store portal that is used by employees working in retail stores to enter and obtain information and the other is partner portal that is used by employees working in fields and corporate locations. In 2003 this system was implemented and now it has become a primary tool to disseminate information at different organizational level. The paper based correspondence has been replaced by this modern mean. This system has helped a lot to employees to access latest updates and news about the company, creates and access different analysis reports about the business, made available the training materials and made the research results more comprehensive. Company has developed a well organized Transaction processing system that collects the data and stores it in the multilevel data storage facility of the organization. In following figure TPS shows how data transfer from different layers and store in database. Source: (Imran Ali, 2008). The first layer is graphical interface and has clients computers. At this point staff responsible to collect the information enters the data into the dynamic information management system of Starbucks. Then in application layer application servers work on the data and in last layer it is stored in central database of the company. The uses of that system made it easy for the company to utilize its capabilities. Its working is ensured by three components in first application programs that limit the boundaries of the transactions and make that information available to the concerned department by controlling operation performed on that data. Then resource manager gives the access to the information to use in different departments and transaction manager is liable to complete the transactions (Imran Ali, 2008). Facilitate decision making at all levels of organization: Management information system enables the management to perform effectively its functions to organize, co-ordinate and control. It ensures the timely availability of information not only for strategic planning but also to run the day to day operations of the business. Different levels of management need different types of information in different formats. Three levels of organizations management operational, tactical and strategic need different information for their decisions that can be. Operational Information: Detailed information on weekly or day to day basis, more internal, historical in nature, quantitative, high accuracy and having narrow scope. Tactical information: This is level information is gathered from external and internal both types of sources concerning future and current performance of the organization. It requires information in summarized form like information on sales, products, profits and investments. Strategic information: Most of the information required at this level is from external sources like information about the current economic conditions, working of competitors and technological developments. Mostly it is qualitative in nature, for future planning, incomplete, covers wide range, exactness is not important as for other levels and it is very important for the organization. Effective decision making is very much important for the survival of an organization but it is not possible in the absence of right kind of information. The effectiveness of decisions is depends upon the quality of information on which they based. The needs of information at different levels of management should be catered when designing the management information system of the organization. SharePoint Server by Microsoft Office has increased the capabilities of Starbucks greatly by ensuring the availability of required information at all levels of organization (Dux Raymond Sy, 2008). It has two types of interface one is partner portal is accessible by management working at top levels and middle level of the organization it provides more the general, qualitative nature of information to support the strategic planning and tactic level decisions. It works on Decision support system for middle level management and top management and takes information from transaction process system. The other tool used is Executive support system used by top level management to take strategic level decisions that have great significance for the organization. Efficient Mean for managing business processes: In order to run the business processes efficiently the primary need is to have quick and correct information, because by only having quick information the more effective decision making can be possible for the business. The information system plays key role in the controlling function of management and by having effective control the efficiency of processes will increase. Timely information can result in right investments and right investments will result in increased profitability for business. Timely accounts can be prepared by efficient management information system. By using Executive support system top level management can have strict control over all levels of organization. SharePoint Server by Microsoft Office has increased the functional capabilities of Starbucks. Workflow functionality of business documents has enabled the Starbucks to adopt the application of event cycle and request due to that Store employees have obtained a centralized access to the companys key information, web links of different vendors of the company (Dux Raymond Sy, 2008). Through this the efficiency is also increased in management of Sales process and inventory control system. Privacy control of the system is also very well as it helps a lot to the company to properly manage and secure the information gathered from employees as well as customers of the company. Advance search options have enabled the organizations employees to search different documents from different libraries at a same time by area of interest, document type and its contents. This increased the efficiency of the system as well. The total information management system has raised the capabilities of Starbucks and moreover effective communication between management and employees has increased the efficiencies of the company processes. Analysis: Major benefits derived by Starbucks, Jubilee Palace, from information management system. Starbucks is the leading Coffee providing company in the world. They have implemented Microsoft SharePoint Server system to manage their information effectively. It has provided them so many benefits by implementing information management system. Core Competencies: Every company that leads on its competitors has some core competencies that give them advantage over their competitors. The information system used by Starbucks has provided it a clear advantage on its competitors and no other coffee retailer has such a dynamic information management system. It has enabled the company to have better and deep understanding of the market by regularly maintaining the customer data and also the understanding of the organization itself. Enhanced supply chain management system: The reporting system of the company is improved by this information system that has improved the production process. Better information about production process has enhanced the supply chain management capability of the company from sourcing the raw materials to production process and then distribution process at each level improvement are brought by information. Multilevel Storage system: In order to save and ensure the maximum security of data Starbucks has outsourced the storage facility of data to data warehouse. This has not only saved the costs of Starbucks for preservation of data but also ensures the protection of it in all circumstances. Quick Responses: Now with highly efficient system of information, Starbucks is in position to react more quickly towards the market changes. It has enabled the company to have more efficient system more reactive to environment. It has also increased its competitiveness. Digital Dashboards: A very modern technology that is used by Starbucks to help the strategic level decision making process is digital dashboard. In this Key performance Indicator (KPI) application is used by the top management that provides it information about the key performance of the organization. It shows the performance by showing it on a digital dashboard that shows progress of the organization towards organizational goals (Dux Raymond Sy, 2008). Stability: It has increased the capacity and store growth by providing effective tools for reporting and monitoring the system by ensuring stability of functions. Employees efficiency: Efficiency of employees is increased greatly due to the availability of easy to use portal and easy access to the required information for the operations. Enhanced tools of privacy and document management has increased the data security and raised the functionality. Overall Objectives: By using this system the employees are in position to align the store objectives with overall organizational objectives and can generate more quick reports and do analysis. Challenges to the system Although information technology developments have brought many improvements in the functioning of organization but just implementation of new technologies do not improve the organizational performance many other factors also contribute towards the overall organizational performance. Starbucks although has implemented a very dynamic information management system but on other hands a kind of insecurity prevails in employees of the store. They have kind of fear to adopt new technologies and modern information management system. At one side if modern system of information management has made the access to information easy on other hand the employment has also been affected by this sophisticated system as it requires more skilled and trained staff. The significance of skilled and motivated workers has increased greatly and increased the costs to train the manpower. In order to effectively implement this modern information technology system Starbucks not only needs more investments in physical assets and technologies but it will also have to make investments on managing close relationships with all stakeholders. Recommendations: After having a brief analysis of Starbucks, Jubilee Palace system of information management now we are in position to recommend many improvements to the system that can raise its efficiency: The current management information system is very rigid and dont offer facility to add extra features with rapidly changing environment and technological developments. It should be flexible enough to add more evaluation and data analysis tools in future. It should be supportive to employees knowledge and skills. More training and learning facilities should be provided to employees to become familiar with the modern system. New system is raising a sense of insecurity and a king of fear in employees. It should be taken seriously and motivational workshops should be conducted to reduce these non friendly elements. They should be provided opportunities to communicate with other employees in the organization. The switching process from one application to other applications takes a lot of time in current system of Starbucks it should be reduced and also managers should not be overloaded with work. Another big issue with the information system of Starbucks is that it is totally based on web based technologies. If a company claims to have a competent website, it does not mean it actually does have. So the proper physical record system should be there mean in case of inefficiency or breakdown of this system its substitute should be available. Funding should be provided to the project without any disturbance because implementation of information system for such a huge organization needs a lot of resources. Although the profits of Starbucks have been decreased in last two years since 2008 but when it will successfully upgrade the management information system it will reduce its cost greatly as in simple its need to have central servers will reduce to half from 52 to 20. This will enable the company to not only save the infrastructural costs but also to reduce many other complimentary costs. Like requirement of system managers and system care staff will reduce to half. Conclusion: The information system used by the Starbucks is one of its important resources that provide it a clear advantage on its competitors. Starbucks is spending huge amounts of money on the development of this system and now it is one of its core capabilities. The effective use of information technologies is considered as major determinant of future success of organizations. The effective use of management information system has greatly improved the functional capabilities of the Starbucks and raised the decision making capabilities of organization as well. Adriana Harizanova, (2003), Management Information System, Academic Open Internet Journal, Volume 9 Bee, R., Bee, F., (1999). Managing Information and Statistic. Trowbridge: Cromwell Press. Barnatt, Chr., (1994). The computers in Business Blueprints, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. David Boddy,  Albert Boonstra,  Graham Kennedy, (2005), Managing information systems, Prentice Hall, 157-163 Dux Raymond Sy, (2008). SharePoint Empowerment: Making Document Management and Organizational Collaboration Easier, Learning Tree International, Washington Effy Oz, (2008), Management Information Systems, strategic uses of information system, 39. House, William C. (1983). Decision Support Systems A Data-Based, Model-Oriented User-Developed Discipline. Petrocelli Books, Inc. New York, NY. Imran Ali, (2008) Starbucks Reduces Costs and Prepares for Growth with Server Upgrade, Customer Solution Case Study, Microsoft Corporation, USA James Edward McClellan, Harold Dorn, (2006), Science and technology in world history, 155. J. Heizer and B. Render, (2008), Case Studies on Productivity Improvement, Starbucks, modified from Operations Management, Lucey, T., (1997). Management Information Systems. London. MAIER R and LEHNER F (2000) Perspectives on knowledge management systemsFtheoretical framework and design of an empirical study. In Proceedings of ECIS 2000, pp 685-693, Vienna, Austria. Mcleod, (2008), Management Information Systems, 10/e, 34-52. Papows, J., (1998). Enterprise.com: Market Leadership in Information Age. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London Ralph Sanders, (1999), the executive decisionmaking process:  identifying problems and assessing outcomes, 46 Starbucks, W. (2006). The production of knowledge: The challenge of socials science research. Oxford University press, Oxford. Stephen B. Harsh, (2005), MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University

Propaganda in 1984 by George Orwell

Propaganda in 1984 by George Orwell Propaganda on 1984 by George Orwell Introduction At the time of authoring the book ‘Propaganda on 1984’, George Orwell was concerned by world affairs that were taking shape around the world such as communism and government control over the lives of people. George was skeptical of the power tricks used by communist parties with regards to leveraging power at the expense of people. Freedoms, rights and values of people are the main concerns expressed by George as evidenced in the book (Orwell, 5). Increased spying by the government according to Orwell is a threat to social values that hold a society. Most of the expressions in the book are a reflection of what the author predicted would happen in the foreseeable future. Debates on whether to adopt the communist ideals in the American society also motivated Orwell to express his opposition to the proposals. This paper will take the approach of an argumentative essay that will explore issues related to government control and propaganda as a tool for consolidating power. To better understand issues presented in the book, a detailed review of the work by George Orwell will be explored from an analytical perspective. Analysis and Discussion The first theme that best explains the perspective of Orwell with regards to infringing the freedoms of people and society is authoritative rule. By the time, communism gained momentum in Europe, there were differing opinions on this new system of governing. Accordingly, there was support from some regions on the new system of administration that had been made real thanks to the dominance of Russia and the Soviet Union. Orwell raises a red flag in his book by slamming communism since, the latter advocates for the restrictions of freedom and speech. From a practical perspective, rights such as speech freedom and press are integral in the harmonization of a given society (Orwell, 15). Communism was an outfit that was developed with the objective of holding on to power by suppressing the rights of people to choose their leaders in a democratic way. According to the author, democracy is a must have for any society that pursues effective leadership that lives within the moral principles o f a given society. For example, at the height of communism, there was major outcries from people around the world on how the rights of the people had been infringed. There was oppression in most dictatorial regimes around the world and this was of concern to Orwell who foresaw a world where people would live in fear. Party power is described in the book and was used for instilling fear and allegiance of those affiliated. By doing this, the dominant party would lock people from making personal decisions. In other words, the party was transformed into a power base that commanded every aspect of freedom and choices made by people. Manipulation on a psychological basis is an example of a power control tool that would be used by the party for controlling the masses (Kellner, 9). The rationale of these manipulations according to the book is to deprive people of independence and personal choices which are instrumental in the life of any person. Logic dictates that consolidating power needs a strategic approach such as interfering with the way of thinking of a given people. This is the same message presented here and the use of the character Winston sends the message home. Winston wonders about the influence of the Big Brother advocated by the government. In a sense, people are made to believe that Big B rother is the authority mandated with protecting people while at the same time watching enemies that would seek to threaten them. There are many questions to this tag as suggested by Orwell in the book. By spreading fear and tension, the government would gain control easily as compared to allowing people to make personal choices. The scope of manipulation with regards to government protection is seen in the way family values are compromised (Yeo, 5). To make the systems better, the government has additionally developed a junior spying program that entails kids reporting activities of their families to the government. The tactical approach used by the government in accomplishing this objective is the bone contention as seen in the book. When a government decides to manipulate people through the mind, then it can be said that dictatorship has taken route thereby, compromising the freedoms of people (Lang, 6). There is no logic in the government claiming that it would protect people by way of making choices by them. Information and intelligence regarding the activities of a government should be known by the public in order, to properly scrutinize the leadership system in place. Democracy entails the ability of people to choose leaders and live in a society where freedom and other values that bind people together are present. Big Brother therefore, is an illusion created by the government with the objective of attaining their ill motives. People have no information and as seen in the Oceania region, no one knows about the leadership system used in running affairs (Lang, 20). This implies that there is a bridge between people and the reality on the ground. Propaganda has been used a way of eliminating the dirty tricks used by the government and those in power to advance their selfish ideals. Deliberate attempts to destroy the past and present through, manipulative tactics is another thematic presentation that raises an argumentative view of the book by George Orwell. For example, the government ensures that information about the past is erased to keep people in the dark and feed them with information that lacks basis and credibility. Such levels of diversionary leadership are seen in the world expressed by Orwell in the book. Controlling the present largely depends on how well the past has been compromised by the system of power in place. Control has been attained in this regard and is best portrayed by loss of memory by the main character (Iskandar, 40). Winston seems to lose track of the past and engages in personal reflection for the sake of getting a grip of the past. What comes out from this experience by Winston is clearly government machinery used for hindering the thought patterns of people by causing discrepancies in time. Confusion is an important tool required for commanding control over a given population and has been happening within the ranks of government. Such a rule is detrimental to the stability and future prospects of a country, since, it does not recognize the significance of upholding integrity within leadership. There is no doubt that manipulations of this level are a manifestation of the problems facing people (Brown, 3). Winston is the only sober character in the book who endeavors to make connections between various events which have taken place. Another analytical argument to the propagandas introduced by the government according to Orwell is mistrust between families and use of technology for spying. As stated earlier in this argument, the government is responsible for creating divisions among people by making every citizen part of the spy network. Arguably, this approach has the capability of shaping how people relate with the government and other people all for the motives of the government (Raab, 35). The mental condition of Winston is clear illustration of the mental manipulations that have taken place in the society. O’ Brien attracts a lot of suspicion from Winston who thinks he might be part of the new system of controlling people. Trust is required for holding values and principles that guide a given society without influences that shape how people thinks and make decisions. Government control asserted in the book by Orwell is similar to divide rule where causing tension becomes a stronghold for government co ntrol. From a technological perspective, information should be freely disseminated to the public without any alterations that may lead to questioning. Developing of surveillance systems such as Tele screens is an experience raised by George and does nothing but watch the movements of people. Technology should be used in a way that helps spread knowledge and information to people all the time without fear of being spied. Such a world is ideal and best represents the values of a democracy. In comparison to the modern world, this dream is valid and can be attained without causing unnecessary jitters to the government (Yeo, 7). The language component as a factor for asserting control of the mind draws analytical perspectives based on the strategies used by the government for controlling people. Simply put, affecting the thinking patterns of people is the best way of controlling them. When freedom of speech and free thinking is encouraged, chances are that people will be free to express their opinions on various things. Progress would be made in this way by forming a united society that looks into the needs of people and providing a sense of accountability from the government. A government system that engages in surveillance programs for spying on their own people infringes on their rights and privacy needs as stipulated in the constitution. The world envisioned by Orwell is best described by the above description and encompasses value based leadership that addresses the needs of people without intimidating them. The events of communism and the consequences support the above assertions and show the problem w ith dictatorial regimes that do not respect the freedoms of citizens as spelled out in the constitution. Provisions in the constitution on the rights of people are clear and should be followed to the latter. If there is a lesson that world has learnt is that communism has no place in any society. Conflicts and tension is common place in the long run and show how people loathe dictatorial regimes. From a legal perspective, denying people their rights causes divisions that would most likely impact the manner in which the society functions (Brown, 8). A healthy society should be comprised of an accountable system of leadership that delivers on the fundamental rights of people such as freedom. The argumentative basis provided by Orwell in relation to the above description shows numerous similarities of the vision outlined by the author of a democratic world where peace abounds. Double think is another form of manipulation used by the government with regards to shaping the current agenda depending on their interests. By instilling contradictory thoughts to people, the leadership in place maneuvers in order to create chances for usurping power on a global scale. For example, a government can convince people on turning an enemy into a friendly nation as long as the interests of those in power are met. By brainwashing people, powerful figures are able to control agenda on various issues that affect society (Sessions, 19). In addition, people are led to believe that the proposed agenda is better for them and the future of their nation. Patriotism is the tool used for rallying people behind a given cause that sincerely speaking, cannot be justified. For example, invading another nation can be reached by a government and assure people that going to war would promote peace. How people are tricked is one thing and how the government accomplishes these objectives is another. The bottom line is that mental enslavement is a mechanism that has worked for the case of many autocratic regimes that endeavor to contravene the fundamental rights of the citizens. Soft power is applied by dictatorial regimes and shapes the manner in which people adopt to the new circumstances. Practically speaking going to war for any nation is a costly exercise that can cause short term problems such as economic crises or weakening of diplomatic ties. In a way people think that the government has their best interests at heart while in reality, the government is interested in taking away the liberties and freedoms. Orwell shows instances of double think in various parts of his book and shows how the government can influence societal agenda. From a social perspective, poverty and crime are some of the major contributors to urban problems. The government in the book by Orwell has disregarded the social needs of people such as jobs and good shelters which are important for boosting economic growth. The depiction of this situation by Orwell is a classic example of how resource misallocation is used for stabilizing power in dictatorial governments. Restricting the flow of resources in an equitable manner results to hopelessness that takes a nation backwards (Orwell, 36). Regardless of this, the government is less concerned about the needs of people and lets poverty become widespread without doing anything. Such imbalance is used by the government to hold people at ransom and consequently, perceive the government as the legitimate provider of their needs. Economic independence is an important element with regards to enhancing the rights of people and progress that trickles down to working families. Taking these rights is a mi stake and shows the incompetence of the government in terms of providing economic freedom to people. Evidence from the book by George shows the plight of people economically and how this is orchestrated by those in power. Wastage and poor planning policies are to blame in many countries where extreme poverty abounds. The author is categorical in terms of how the government is involved in the resource management and denounces this approach as dictatorial and unfair. Many regimes around the world are represented by these sentiments from the book by Orwell. Looting and wastage of resources meant for public usage is the order of the day and goes unpunished in the midst of harsh economic times facing people. The use of guilt through the main character can be looked from different angles and speaks volumes about the conditions facing most people. A look at people shows confusion and manipulation that is shaped in form of freedom (Sessions, 22). In short, there has been a total overhaul of how people think, make choices and their relationship with others. Winston is confused in most of the insights provided by the author in the book and reflects the situation facing most people. The irony is that people have believed that everything is alright and that the government is justified in the formulation of various policies that influence the functioning of society. Guilt is best expressed by Winston who feels that something is missing and sets out to change things. A look at this situation tells more about the role of government in disrupting human values that are much needed in promotion cooperation and unity among people in the long haul. This is not the case according the current events faci ng most people in the country and evidence shows that people are darkness. A comparative analysis of the book by Orwell and other authorships such as ‘1985’ and ‘Brave New World’ shows the same thematic message as highlighted the mentioned books (Orwell, 30). Just like the presentation by George, the above mentioned books provides accounts of human rights contraventions and how systems of rule such as communism were detrimental to world peace and harmony. All these accounts have a similar message as that provided by George in his book and emphasize on the problems facing most people in autocratic states. There is no room for autocracy according to these authors in the modern world and should not be allowed to thrive. The mention of media as a propaganda tool makes a lot of sense and provides the situation facing most nations around the world gripped in authoritative rule. A good example of media influence and how it failed people can be explained from the situation that led to attacks on American soil in 2001. Media perception of things and use of fabricated facts was common place and led to widespread confusion with regards to addressing the problem of terrorism and extremism that had spread around the world. By providing unverified information and taking sides, the media compromised the liberties of people with regards to their right to know accurate information (Brown, 13). There were many details that were left out in the proposals provided by the media in relation to war on terror. The conspiracy surrounding these attacks is another aspect showing the intensity of things with regards to propaganda promotion by the media. Every logic shows that the media was partisan with the government on th e issues that were facing Americans after the occurrence of these events. Conclusion The analytical approach used in exploring the reasoning by George Orwell in his book is clear testimony of the dangers of allowing dictatorial leadership principles such as those that gripped Europe during the era of communism. The combination of the teachings by Orwell and present day events around the world is proof of these sentiments. As seen in this critical review of the book, according people their rights and freedoms goes a long way in terms of showing respect for human rights and values. Works Cited Brown, Sarah. I always feel like, somebody’s watching me†¦Teaching 1984 and the power of government. Six-Week Unit designed for 10th grade honors. 2010. Print. Iskandar, Nicole. Teaching Dystopic Novels in the Classroom Unit of Study. Warner, 1984. Print. Kellner, Douglas. From 1984 to One-Dimensional Man: Critical Reflections on Orwell and Marcuse. Print. Lang, Peter. The Road from George Orwell: His Achievement and Legacy. European Academic Publishers. 2001. Print. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. Harcourt Education Limited, 2005. Print. Raab, Elizabeth. Propaganda and â€Å"Truth†: How Do You Know? John Bartram High School. Print. Sessions, Lisa. A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of George Orwell’s 1984. Asheville Junior High. Print. Yeo, Michael. Propaganda and Surveillance in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Global Media Journal- Canadian Edition. 2010. Print.

John Steinbecks The Pearl :: essays research papers

Kino lives in the shore with his family, he was a fisherman. When the morning comes he can hear the song of the family which includes the sounds of waves and animals that surrounded them. Juana his wife had a song too, an ancient song that had only three notes and yet endless variety of interval. One day their baby , Coyotito got stung by an scorpion a deadly poisonous, tiny creature the couple was panicked and didn’t know what to do. Their neighbors help them to get to a doctor but it seems that the doctor was very mean to poor people. There is this other song too which is the song of enemy, they heard it when they have a problems. There is this beggars actually, four of them in front of the church who knew everything in the town. They were students of expressions of young as they went into confession. When they got into the house of the doctor Kino hesitated a moment because this doctor was not of his people. The gate was closed a little and the servant refused to speak in t he old language. They never got to speak to the doctor with Kino’s anger. He struck the gate a crushing blow with his fist. Kino own a canoe which was owned by his Grandpa and give it to his father and passed to Kino it was the one thing of value he owned in the world. Kino found a pearl a silvery pearl he seemed to saw the great oyster for the first time. His wife was so very excited when he saw the pearl and she could not want to hold it. Before he found the pearl he heard the song of the pearl but in the song there was a secret, little inner song., hardly perceptible, but always there sweet and secret and clinging. The town lay on a broad, zstuary, its old yellow plastered buildings hugging the beach. On the beach the hungry dogs and the hungry plgs of the town searched cudlessly for any dead fish or sea bird that might have floated on a rising tide. The news that Kino found a pearl was all over the town. A town is like a colonial animal. A town has as nervous system and a head and shoulders and feet. Before Kino and Juana and the other fishers had come to Kino’s brush house, the nerves of the town were pulsing and vibrating with he news, Kino had found the Pearl of the World.

Interpersonal Communication Essay -- essays research papers

Although there are several problems that can diminish the effectiveness of interpersonal communication, some tactics can be used in order to minimize these failures in communication. A recent visit to a hotel sparked a perfect example of this communication opportunity between a patron and the hotel's front desk employee. First of all, the history of the confrontation between the patron and the hotel's front desk employee was clouded with expectations and assumptions. For example, the patron made a reservation for a room by using the hotel chain's national reservation center. This center, in turn, is obligated to give the information to the individual hotels so that the hotels can then honor the reservations accordingly. Unfortunately in this example, the patron's request and approval for a king bed was not relayed from the reservation center to the hotel. As a result, the hotel employee did not have the information that the patron assumed he had received. This assumption resulted in a breakdown in communication between the hotel employee and the patron, which then created hostility on the part of the patron and defensiveness on the part of the employee. The hostility felt by the patron was partly due to past experiences with hotel employees and the negative outcomes of those experiences (Pfeiffe r 12). These past experiences created a situation where the patron did not really listen to what the employee was saying (Pfeiffer 13). Instead, he only heard that there was a problem ("just like there was last time"). The employee's defensiveness was due to his assumption that this particular patron has the same problem that past patrons have had: The patron simply made a mistake with the reservation (DeVito 9). The employee also became defensive because of his rank in the situation and the status differences between a guest of a high-end hotel and a hotel employee (Pfeiffer 14). He knew that he needed to be absolutely correct or else the patron would be awarded a favorable outcome ("the customer is always right"), and this defensiveness did not allow him to fully and effectively listen (Pfeiffer 14). On the other hand, the patron's assumption that the employee had received the information created unclear information. Had the patron clarified and qualified the c orrect information, the message would have been clear an... ...ployee became negative influences on each other that day (Boyle IX). By avoiding the problems associated with miscommunication and adhering to the rules of effective communication, the patron and the employee could have avoided a very negative situation and resolved a problem in a fraction of the time. Although "absolutely clear communication" (DeVito 15) may be impossible to achieve, absolutely efficient communication should be a realistic goal...if for no other reason than to get to a vacation that much quicker! References Bolton, Robert (1979), People Skills, Simon & Schuster, New York. Boyle, Dr. William (1999), Getting Connected: How To Improve All Your Relationships, William Boyle and Associates, Illinois. DeVito, Joseph A. (2002), The Interpersonal Communication Reader, Allyn & Bacon: A Pearson Education Company, New York. Pfeiffer, J.W. (1973), Conditions Which Hinder Effective Communication excerpt from The 1973 Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators, Pfeiffer and Company, California.

Crime Today Essay

We can all see some logic in this type of action as â€Å"money† can cause a lot of mayhem, and it’s especially bad for people who don’t have any. Many people can recognize being poor and yearning for a better life. However, most of us do not act out in criminal ways in order to get ourselves out of financial hardship. In contrast, think about the guy who just last week went into that school and killed 20 children and 5 adults for really no reason at all. Nobody can grasp any reason at all why someone would or even could do something so gruesome and evil. It just doesn’t make sense. So why is it that crime seems so bad today than in the past. Well, I would have to say heavy population increases don’t help. All of the technological advancements only make it easier for us to see all the bad news. I think that some people knowing that the media is going to shout out their names all over the newspapers and televisions is an incentive to criminals who want to be, I guess you could say â€Å"known† for something. Crime has always existed, since the beginning of time. It’s almost like it’s human nature. Nevertheless, is America falling into a trap where crime is normal? As our prison systems grow, are we allowing crime to grow to fill the gaps, or is it the other way around? My personal opinion is that we in fact are. Did you know that when America’s crime rates declined steadily for about a decade and a half, that  the United States still had the most car thefts, the most rapes and the most murders in the world the United States still had the most car thefts, the most rapes and the most murders in the world (Economic Collapse, 2012). What does that say about us? In addition, even though the United States has the largest prison systems in the entire world (and we win by a large margin), we can see that there are still thousands or criminals reaching havoc on the streets of America every day. There are some places that are still showing a slight decline in crime rates; however, others are showing an alarming rate of crime increases. What is the answer to all of this? I’m not sure if anybody really knows. In addition to all of this, is this recent economic downturn going to turn more people into criminals? Probably so, and we don’t know how to fix it. We can only build so many prisons, and we can only afford so many police officers. Billions are spent in America and around the world each year combating crime, building prisons, paying for police and legal costs involved with crime, delinquency and other related problems, but the problem continues. It’s a never ending battle. Another thing is that a myriad of excuses and justifications for criminal behavior have replaced the principle that everyone, including the criminal, is fully responsible for his actions. Every criminal has a reason why â€Å"they† did what they did. Well, my parents abused me when I was little; I have psychological issues, etc. When does it end? Although, I do agree with this point a little bit. I do believe that poverty does increase crime. Now I’m by no means saying that just because people grow up poor that gives them the right to act out in criminal behavior, or that just because someone grew up wealthy means that they won’t resort to crime. I am just saying that I can see how the way we were brought up and the things we have experienced can create different reactions to things in life. After all, it’s our experiences in life that shape who we are as a person. There are so many different aspects or crime and crime control that I can get into, from a no-fault society to gun control. However, none of this stuff seems to really make a difference, so maybe it’s time to get together and come up with a different plan. Obviously, what we are doing as a country is not working. References The Economic Collapse. (2012). Is Crime Making a Comeback? Retrieved from: http://theeconomiccollapseblog. com/archives/is-crime-making-a-comeback-12-crime-statistics-that-make-you-wonder-what-is-happening-to-america/

Hip-Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women Essay

According to Jennifer Mclune, a writer, activist, and librarian, sexism, and homophobia saturate hip-hop culture and any deviation from these forms of bigotry is made marginal to its most dominant and lucrative expressions. In her article â€Å"Hip hops betrayal of black women† Published on first of July 2006, Mclune is informing and trying to persuade her audience of this generation of teenagers and young adults, also seen as millennials, that hip-hop songs that have these elements of woman-hating, sexism, and homophobia, are basically a normal thing and it should not be because it causes an influence and makes the actions seem like it’s okay to commit rather than seeing it as something offensive. She claims that â€Å"Hip-hop owes its success to the ideology of woman-hating† By this, she means that it creates, perpetuates, and reaps the rewards of objectification. I strongly agree with Mclune she feels that the hip-hop world has degraded women and it became the †norm† so people became blinded so, now it’s time to fight back. To help support my claim, Mclune uses real-life evidence/examples such as song lyrics, another article similar to her topic, and language. First off Mclune starts off addressing Kevin Powell’s ’’ notes of hip-hop heads ’’ and he states how poverty breeds into sexism and that hip-hop is saturated with the past and homophobia. Mclune feels that that’s a way to silence the feminist critiques of the culture. Mclune also states how Powell forgets to mention the fact that women too were raised in the violent and poor environments as men too. Basically, it shouldn’t excuse the fact that men are degrading women through the hip-hop culture. When we as black females need to stand up and gain knowledge on how the hip-hop world participates in women-hating. You have men writing songs about black women pain, but have rappers such as jay-z who has lyrics such as I pimp hard on a trick. In particularly this article written by Sharpley Whiting called †Pimp Up, Ho’s Down† Whiting argues that hip hop’s commercial success is heavily dependent upon young black women. Creating both, this masculine and misogynistic gap in understanding the real complexities of young black women in hip hop’s commercial art. The color prejudice and sexually charged lyrics in a dominated culture, hip-hop. Whiting also states how the millennium generation has grown into the wake of the hip-hop culture, blinded by their unconscious participation, they fail to connect the destruction of feminism in hip-hop, this statement is similar to what Mclune has been saying throughout her article. It is not hip hop itself that has made the uniqueness of its own culture, but it is hip-hop itself that normalizes it. It’s very understandable that the hip-hop world bases their lyrics on real-life situations but the things that are said about such as †gold diggers,† † chicken heads† about women shouldn’t be motioned because it doesn’t do anything but make those situations become the norm. In an article written by Dr. Johnnetta Cole argues in her article that there is a â€Å"war between the sexes†. Also, that hip-hop plays a significant influence on is battle that has been going on since the 60’s. We as black women need to stand our ground for something that we believe in, which is treating us with respect and not degrading us in hip hops music. The sense of impudence toward the woman is being noticed by boys and girls at an early age. Therefore, to them it seems that what is being said and demonstrated in videos is okay. The ruthless and tyrannical gender talk in today’s hip-hop music must be put to rest, but to do that we must chan ge the way we put out our message. Words can be very motivating and inspiring, but you can’t influence someone by humiliating others.

Free Essays on Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Who can be wise, amaz’d, temperate, and furious, loyal and neutral in a moment? ~William Shakespeare On October 2, 1869 in the town of Porbandar, in what is now the Gujarat province of India, a son was born to the local prime minister and his wife. That child was named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, later known to millions of Indians as the father of their nation. He lived an ordinary boyhood in the seaport town and attended school in nearby Rajkot. As a boy he attended temple near his home and readings were taken alternatively from the Hindu Bhagavad Gita and the Moslem Koran.(Gold) Since his city of birth was a seaport, looking out into the world, it hosted nearly 2 dozen religions. This would help greatly in developing a tolerance and acceptance for all religions.(Erikson) As is custom in the Hindu religion he was married in an arranged ceremony at age 13, his wife was a mere 10 years of age. Despite the difficulties before them, they fell in love and became a source of strength unto each other. Their marriage lasted some 60 years. In 1888 when Mohandas left for England to pursue a law degree, he left his widowed mother, his wife, and his son Harilal who was only a few months old at the time. Although leaving home was difficult, Mohandas was greatly determined to obtain his degree. Once in London he felt very uncomfortable. (Gold) This and his Indian ethnicity pushed him to the fringes of English society. The people he soon began associating with were the vanguard of social thought in England at the time and their influence on him was strong. It was at this time that he was introduced to the Christian Bible, delved deeper into vegetarianism, and got his first glimpse of what it was to be Indian through Western eyes. Through hard work and strength of mind, on June 12, 1891 passed his examinations and was called to the bar. On June 11 he was enrolled to the High Court and the next day saile... Free Essays on Mohandas Gandhi Free Essays on Mohandas Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Who can be wise, amaz’d, temperate, and furious, loyal and neutral in a moment? ~William Shakespeare On October 2, 1869 in the town of Porbandar, in what is now the Gujarat province of India, a son was born to the local prime minister and his wife. That child was named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, later known to millions of Indians as the father of their nation. He lived an ordinary boyhood in the seaport town and attended school in nearby Rajkot. As a boy he attended temple near his home and readings were taken alternatively from the Hindu Bhagavad Gita and the Moslem Koran.(Gold) Since his city of birth was a seaport, looking out into the world, it hosted nearly 2 dozen religions. This would help greatly in developing a tolerance and acceptance for all religions.(Erikson) As is custom in the Hindu religion he was married in an arranged ceremony at age 13, his wife was a mere 10 years of age. Despite the difficulties before them, they fell in love and became a source of strength unto each other. Their marriage lasted some 60 years. In 1888 when Mohandas left for England to pursue a law degree, he left his widowed mother, his wife, and his son Harilal who was only a few months old at the time. Although leaving home was difficult, Mohandas was greatly determined to obtain his degree. Once in London he felt very uncomfortable. (Gold) This and his Indian ethnicity pushed him to the fringes of English society. The people he soon began associating with were the vanguard of social thought in England at the time and their influence on him was strong. It was at this time that he was introduced to the Christian Bible, delved deeper into vegetarianism, and got his first glimpse of what it was to be Indian through Western eyes. Through hard work and strength of mind, on June 12, 1891 passed his examinations and was called to the bar. On June 11 he was enrolled to the High Court and the next day saile...

Who is Beyonce

Who is Beyonce Introduction Beyonce is arguably the top female musician in the world. From a career that emerged from the success of an all-girl music group, she has received several accolades for her music and acting careers. Her success has attracted a lot of media attention from critics and fans alike.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Who is Beyonce? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, her recent engagement and wedding to rapper Jay-Z has even brought more media attention to the laid-back musician. Now, most entertainment observers consider Beyonce and Jay Z as America’s â€Å"power couple† (â€Å"Beyonce, Jay-Z Top† par. 1). In several ways, Beyonce has been in the limelight for most parts of the last decade. Thus, different media have always contained different stories about her. This paper compares the singer’s image in the news media and academic literature by arguing that both sources share more similarities than differences in how they portray the artist. Notably, this paper shows that academic literatures are concerned with Beyonce’s role in female empowerment and healthy living, while her media image focuses on her glamour, music, sex symbolism, and style. The structure of this paper first analyzes Beyonce’s image in academic literature. Subsequent sections of this paper highlight her image in news media. The last section of this paper compares both images (in news media and academic literature). Image in Academic Literatures Symbol of Female Empowerment Professionally, Beyonce’s image has easily appeared besides other powerful African-American personalities, like Michael Jordan, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama and the likes. Most of these comparisons stem from Beyonce’s success in the music industry and her ability to transcend the superficial and stereotypical image of African American women, as objects of sexual gratification (with in the confines of white supremacy) (Celeste 11).Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While it is important to appreciate the individual successes of music icons, such as Beyonce, many academic journals have found it difficult to do so outside the confines of race (Fan 117). Thus, in many academic circles, many researchers largely perceive Beyonce as an icon of female empowerment (Celeste 11). Feminists have especially championed this view. For example, Murphy (96) says Beyonce is an icon in the success of the third wave feminist movement. This perception led Murphy to say, â€Å"Beyonce is a girl power icon who is average but, beyond her star status, she is overwhelmingly portrayed as a normal and powerful woman† (96). Indeed, in one journal article, Celeste says, â€Å"The media has portrayed Knowles as empowered and in charge, as a mask to make oppres sive forces, such as the â€Å"sexualization† of black women and white supremacy, invisible† (12). The depiction of Beyonce as a female icon has made it difficult for scholars to ignore the racial identity within the discourse of female empowerment. Indeed, many academic literatures appreciate Beyonce’s stature as a woman of color. Therefore, unlike most female icons (mostly white women) that demonstrate the â€Å"girl power† ideology, Beyonce has achieved the same stature by demonstrating multiple talents and performing abilities. Evidence of Beyonce’s multi-talented nature comes from her career launch in the pop group, Destiny’s Child. Murphy says, â€Å"As a dancer, songwriter, and choreographer, she later catapulted her success into new fields, such as acting and fashion design† (p. 97). Through such multi-variable talents, scholars have not shied from associating Beyonce’s success with the third wave of feminism. Certainly, they have done so by associating racial identities with discussions concerning the empowerment of young women. African-American scholars have especially used the success of young African-American women, like Beyonce, to inspire African-American audiences.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Who is Beyonce? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health Image Although Beyonce has received global accolades for being a top female musician, her image has transcended her professional career and delved into her lifestyle attributes. Notably, she has curved out an image of being an enviable female icon for healthy living. Academic journals that focus on healthy living have especially affirmed this image because they say Beyonce has an ideal body that most women strive to have. For example, Apple (111) exposed a study which asked women to state the body type they would like to have (the researchers gave the women the options of choosing the body types of four female celebrities including, Beyonce, Kate Moss, Keira Knightly, and Queen Latifa). Most of the respondents preferred Beyonce’s body style (Men want a† 121). The emphasis on Beyonce as a fitness model stems from her widely publicized workout and diet plans. Concisely, her name has appeared in most health fitness regimes (Another jar of† 50). For example, Beyonce’s workout plan exists in healthyceleb.com and motleyhealth.com (these websites advice people how to live healthy by maintaining a proper diet regime) (Borges 7). For example, Beyonce advises women on how to lose weight, at healthyceleb.com. She gives a step-by-step account of the time she wakes up, the types of activities she does for exercise, and how her diet helps her to be healthy. In the same forum, she advises most young women to breastfeed, as a way to stay healthy (Borges 7). Here, she emphasizes the importance of a vegetarian diet and its role in keeping her healthy (Borges 7). From the huge responses she receives from the website, Beyonce also provides a link for people to contact her personal trainer and get more advice on healthy living. Her success in health education has permeated through most academic literatures. News Media Image Flamboyant Image Beyonce’s image in mainstream media contrasts with her â€Å"academic† image. While the above sections of the paper highlight Beyonce as a motivational icon for racial minorities in America, her public image in mainstream media portrays her as a glamorous and flamboyant person.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As portrayed in the introduction section of this report, Beyonce’s image in news media largely premise on her superficial attributes, such as her sense of fashion, style, net worth, and the likes. For example, her recent marriage to rapper Jay Z has shifted most of her public image to her net worth, lifestyle, and influence in the music industry (Seno and Lukas 121). For example, many American newspapers picked an article from Forbes magazine to show the position of the â€Å"power couple† as America’s highest earning celebrity couple (â€Å"Beyonce, Jay-Z Top† par. 1). Such news has always been associated with huge monetary figures, to show how rich the artist is, and how she compares with other wealthy celebrities in the country. For instance, mainstream media have often compared Beyonce and Jay Z to Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. Similar comparisons also exist with the celebrity couple Tom Brady and Gisele Bundschen (â€Å"Beyonce, Jay-Z Top† par . 2). Sex Icon Besides the media’s obsession with Beyonce’s money and wealth, the singer has adopted an image of being a crossover sex symbol in American music. Indeed, most news media have referred to the singer as â€Å"bootylicious,† â€Å"voluptuous,† and similar acronyms to denote her status as a sex symbol (Seno and Lukas 122). Partly, the singer, through the former all-girl music group, Destiny’s Child, affirmed this image through songs, like â€Å"bootylicious.† However, mainstream media have emphasized this image as the singer’s trademark. Beyonce’s image as a sex symbol largely differs from the star’s academic image. Certainly, earlier sections of this paper show that, academically, scholars have perceived Beyonce as a role model for women worldwide (Celeste 11). Scholars have also disassociated the singer from stereotypical images of African-American superstars as sex symbols (Celeste 11). However, this image appears to disappear in the news media because her image consistently depicts her as a sex symbol. This image has not only existed in music videos and television, but also in print media. For example, â€Å"Beyonce, Jay-Z Top† (par. 3) says, after Beyonce appeared on Tom Ford’s fashion show, in 2011, People magazine identified her as the world’s sexiest woman. Complex (a celebrity website) also named the singer the sexiest musician of all time. The list of other print media that have popularized Beyonce’s stature as a sex symbol is endless. For instance, VHA and GQ have also named the star as the sexiest woman of the century. This way, Beyonce has received several offers to appear on magazine covers from different entertainment outlets in America and Europe. Her success on this front has affirmed her image as a sex icon. Fashion Icon News media have also highly popularized Beyonce’s image as a fashion icon, to characterize her identity. Murphy (131 ) says this image has largely been popularized by mainstream media, but the Knowles family has also helped to cement it. For example, Beyonce’s mother co-authored a book, in 2002, titled, Destiny’s Style. She revealed that Beyonce’s fashion sense had a huge role to play in her success (Murphy 131). Independent fashion designers (who have worked with the star) have also reinforced this image. For example, one Italian fashion designer, Roberto Cavalli, also revealed that Beyonce’s success largely stemmed from her strong fashion sense (â€Å"Beyonce, Jay-Z Top† par. 3). He made this statement after referring to the diverse fashion styles used by the singer during her performances. Indeed, based on an assessment of Beyonce’s music videos, it is difficult to dispute the fact that Beyonce’s fashion sense ranges from a continuum of classic to contemporary fashion styles. Again, magazines and other types of news media have not shied from affi rming Beyonce’s image as a fashion icon. For example, People Magazine listed Beyonce as the best dressed celebrity of 2012. Such rankings paved the way for the star to feature in more prestigious print media magazines, such as the Sports Illustrated Swimsuits Issue. Again, it is important to highlight Beyonce’s stature as an icon of African-American descent because she was the second African-American woman to feature in this magazine (Tyra banks preceded her debut on the Magazine). Musical Icon Since Beyonce started her solo career as an artist, after breaking away from Destiny’s Child, she has cut out an image as an influential and powerful musician. This image has largely dominated most mainstream media because many commentators have portrayed Beyonce as a great and influential musician. Music critics, for example, consider Beyonce as the greatest musician of all time (â€Å"Beyonce, Jay-Z Top† par. 1). Influential commentators, such as Jody Rosen of th e New Yorker, hold this view. Surprisingly, most news media have upheld this image of the singer for a greater part of the last decade. In fact, 2013 rankings showed Beyonce leads other artists in exerting the most influence in America’s music industry. Her musical prowess prompted Luhrmann (12) to say, No one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience how she does. When Beyonce does an album, when Beyonce sings a song, when Beyonce does anything, it is an event, and it is broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir- ­apparent diva of the USA - the reigning national voice† (Luhrmann 12). Such views have brought a lot of national attention to Beyonce’s influence in mainstream music. The Guardian has even named her the greatest artist of the decade (Luhrmann 12). This image has elevated the mellow-voiced singer to iconic status in the music industry. This image has also enabled Beyonce to command unwavering respect in the ind ustry. Observers say her production of two great musical singles of the decade (crazy in love and put a ring on it) marked the reinvention of Rhythm and Blues (RB) music in the last decade. Indeed, Luhrmann (12) says through Beyonce’s contribution to the music industry, pop music has relied on the success of RB, as its favorite medium. Beyonce’s influence in the RB genre has also replicated in redefining the success of other musicians. For example, evidence shows that Beyonce’s works have influenced other successful RB musicians, such as Adele and Rihanna to succeed. Seno and Lukas (121) say Beyonce’s reputation, as a successful artist, mainly stems from her strong stage presence. Through her success on stage, other artists, such as Rihanna, have reinvented their stage performances to make them more entertaining and captivating. Beyonce’s success beyond music has spilled over into marketing and branding (Seno and Lukas 121). Here, she has also infl uenced other artists to participate in marketing campaigns. For example, in a recent interview, Nicki Minaj claimed that Beyonce’s commercial success in a Pepsi campaign motivated her to try the same in a 2012 global campaign. Through her influence in the music industry and other artists, mainstream media continue to affirm Beyonce’s image as a music icon. Conclusion After weighing the findings of this paper, it is important to say Beyonce’s image in news media and academic sources differ. Notably, both sources focus on different aspects of the celebrity. News media portray the singer as a sex symbol, musical icon, and fashion icon. Comparatively, academic literatures appreciate the artist for her contribution to female empowerment and health education. These two zones of focus highlight different aspects of Beyonce. News media highlights her superficial and glamorous aspects of life, while academic literature highlights her beneficial contributions to society. A comparison of these two aspects of analysis shows that academic literature and news media share one similarity of depicting Beyonce in a positive way. Although news media concentrates on her glamour and splendor, they still show Beyonce’s positive contribution to the music industry. Evidence of her contribution to the RB genre is the most notable contribution to the music industry. News media also portray her as a mentor to upcoming and existing musicians. Overall, an assessment of Beyonce’s image in academic and news media shows that both media are sympathetic to the artist. Furthermore, both depictions of Beyonce’s image do not exaggerate her achievements and contributions. Instead, they portray a factual image of her personality and achievements. Both perceptions (from news media and academic sources) are also not stereotypical (however, academic literatures show the stereotypical background that influences the perception of African-American artists, such a s Beyonce). Comprehensively, this paper shows that there are more similarities than differences between how academic literatures and news media portray Beyonce. Another jar of baby food? Nutrition Food Science 39.1(2009): 49- 53. Print. Apple, Michael. â€Å"Democratic Education in Neoliberal and Neoconservative Times.†Ã‚  International Studies in Sociology of Education 21.1 (2011): 111-118. Print. Beyonce, Jay-Z Top Forbes’ Highest-Earning Celebrity Couple  List. 2013. Web. Borges, Marco 2012, Beyonce Knowles Workout Routine Diet Plan. Web. Celeste, Manoucheka. I’m Universal: Beyoncà © and the Re-Packaging of Black  Women in Media, Boston, MA: TBA, 2013. Print. Fan, Weihua. â€Å"Social Influences, School Motivation and Gender Differences: An Application of the Expectancy-Value Theory.† Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology 31.2 (2011): 117-122. Print. Luhrmann, Baz 2013, The 2013 Times 100. Web. Men want a body like Beckham. Nutrition Food Science 41.4 (2011): 238 – 241. Print. Murphy, Caryn. New Girl Order: Youth, Gender, and Generation in Contemporary  Teen Girls Media, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. Print. Seno, Diana and Lukas Bryan. The equity effect of product endorsement by celebrities: A conceptual framework from a co-branding perspective. European Journal of Marketing 41.1 (2007): 121 – 134. Print.